Dinamika Konflik Tata Kelola Perbatasan Indonesia-Timor Leste: Analisis Koordinasi Lintas Negara Dalam Perspektif Integrated Border Management (IBM)

Abstrak

This study examines the dynamics of conflict and border governance between Indonesia and Timor-Leste from the perspective of Integrated Border Management (IBM). Border disputes in this region are not solely associated with the delimitation of state boundaries but are also shaped by historical, social, cultural, and political factors, particularly customary land conflicts involving border communities. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using secondary data, including official policy documents, bilateral agreements between Indonesia and Timor-Leste, such as the records of the Joint Border Committee (JBC) and the Technical Sub-Committee on Border Demarcation and Regulation (TSC-BDR), the 1914 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision, as well as relevant academic literature and legal frameworks governing border management between the two countries. Data validity was ensured through source triangulation to enhance consistency, accuracy, and reliability, while content analysis was applied to identify key themes, patterns, and narratives within the collected policy documents and academic literature. The findings indicate that although Indonesia and Timor-Leste have established various legal frameworks and cooperative mechanisms, including Law No. 43 of 2008, the National Border Management Agency (BNPP), and the Joint Border Committee (JBC), their implementation continues to face significant challenges. These include institutional fragmentation, weak policy synchronization, and the predominance of a state security-oriented approach that insufficiently accommodates the social realities and customary land rights of local communities. Strengthening cross-sectoral coordination, harmonizing policies, and enhancing the participation of local communities are essential steps toward achieving more effective, inclusive, and sustainable border governance.

Penelitian ini membahas dinamika konflik dan tata kelola perbatasan Indonesia-Timor Leste dalam perspektif Integrated Border Management (IBM). Konflik perbatasan di kawasan ini tidak hanya berkaitan dengan delimitasi wilayah negara, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor historis, sosial, budaya, dan politik, khususnya terkait konflik tanah adat masyarakat perbatasan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder berupa dokumen kebijakan resmi, perjanjian bilateral antara Indonesia dan Timor Leste, yaitu seperti dokumen hasil pertemuan Joint Border Committee (JBC) dan Technical Sub Committee on Border Demarcation and Regulation (TSC-BDR), dan putusan Permanent Court of Arbitration 1914, serta literatur akademik dan peraturan perundang-undangan terkait pengelolaan perbatasan Indonesia-Timor Leste. Validasi data dilakukan melalui triangulasi sumber untuk memastikan konsistensi, akurasi, dan keandalan data, serta teknik analisis isi (content analysis) untuk menemukan tema, pola, dan narasi yang terkandung dalam dokumen kebijakan dan literatur akademik yang telah dikumpulkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Indonesia dan Timor Leste telah membentuk berbagai regulasi dan mekanisme kerja sama seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 43 Tahun 2008, Badan Nasional Pengelola Perbatasan (BNPP), dan Joint Border Committee (JBC), pada implementasinya dapat dinyatakan masih menghadapi berbagai kendala berupa fragmentasi kelembagaan, lemahnya sinkronisasi kebijakan, serta dominasi pendekatan keamanan negara yang kurang mengakomodasi realitas sosial masyarakat adat. Penguatan koordinasi lintas sektor, harmonisasi kebijakan, dan peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat lokal menjadi langkah penting dalam mewujudkan tata kelola perbatasan yang lebih efektif, inklusif, dan berkelanjutan.